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Submitted on February 10, 2005
Accepted on December 5, 2005
Affiliation of the authors: 1 Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; 2 Institute of Health Policy and Management, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Many computerized physician order entry (CPOE) systems have integrated drug safety alerts. The authors reviewed the literature on physician response to drug safety alerts and interpreted the results using Reason's framework of accident causation. In total, 17 papers met the inclusion criteria. Drug safety alerts are overridden by clinicians in 49-96% of cases. Alert overriding may often be justified and adverse drug events due to overridden alerts are not always preventable. A distinction between appropriate and useful alerts should be made. The alerting system may contain error-producing conditions like low specificity, low sensitivity, unclear information content, unnecessary workflow disruptions and unsafe and inefficient handling. These may result in active failures of the physician, like ignoring alerts, misinterpretation and incorrect handling. Efforts to improve patient safety by increasing correct handling of drug safety alerts should focus on the error-producing conditions in software and organization. Studies on cognitive processes playing a role in overriding drug safety alerts are lacking.
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